Green Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) Moderated by Flavonoid Extracts from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Co-Doped Sulfur/Nitrogen (NS – CNDs – Fla) and Their Potential for Heavy Metals Sensing Application

Carbon nano dots (CNDs) has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their potential use in various kinds of applications. Many conventional chemical methods have been used to

synthesis CNDs, but these processes have several drawbacks, such as hazardous by products, harsh chemicals, and high costs. To overcome these issues, green chemistry has an importance in the

development of CNDs. Thus, it is essential to explore green synthesis approaches for production the CNDs. In this context, a novel precursor using flavonoid extraction from Moringa oleifera

leaves is proposed. Moringa oleifera is the “magic tree” which contains many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, especially in its leaves. Natural flavonoids and glycosides with

specific components of structure can bind to metal ions. The content of bioactive compounds such as total flavonoids found in Moringa oleifera leaves is 172.10 mg/g. In addition, carbon

(47.34%), nitrogen (51.67%), and sulfur (0.99%) are also the main composition. Then, the carbon nanodots (CNDs) synthesized in this research were moderated by flavonoid extract from Moringa

oleifera using the hydrothermal method. The technique is easy, ecologically friendly, and requires neither specialized device or reagents. In practice, the CNDs produced are almost circular,

with an average diameter of 3.49 nm. Furthermore, we enhanced synthesis CNDs - Fla with heteroatoms of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). They display a broad excitation-emission spectrum,

excitation-dependent emission, and extraordinary fluorescence. Therefore, the synthesis of CNDs using flavonoids from Moringa oleifera as precursors would be a great potential candidate for

the development of novel types of heavy metals sensing.

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

This research project is supported Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U-CoE) is a Research Centre at Universitas Padjadajaran.

This research was funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education Indonesia, through research scheme Doctoral Dissertation Program (PDD-DIKTI), contract number

3841/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2024 dated on June 13, 2024.

Department of Biotechnology, Post Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U-CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

Sriati Wahyudi : Investigation, writing - original draft preparation, data curation, formal analysis, and visualization.Ivan Rizoputra : Visualization. Camellia Panatarani : Data analysis. 

Ferry Faizal : Review and editing of the manuscript. Ayi Bahtiar : Conceptualization, methodology, supervision, data analysis, and review. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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