The association between serum glucose to potassium ratio on admission and short-term mortality in ischemic stroke patients

ABSTRACT High serum glucose to potassium ratio (GPR) at admission is implicated for a poor outcome in acute brain injury, acute intracranial hemorrhage, and aneurysmal subarachnoid

hemorrhage. However, the relationship between GPR and the outcome of ischemic stroke (IS) remains unknown. In all, 784 IS patients from a large emergency Norwegian cohort were included for

secondary analysis. The exposure and outcome were GPR at baseline and all-cause mortality within 30 days after the first admission. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed

to estimate the risk of 30-day mortality based on GPR levels. In addition, we examined whether there was a nonlinear relationship between admission GPR and 30-day mortality using

two-piecewise linear regression with a smoothing function and threshold level analysis. The results of multivariable regression analysis showed that GPR at baseline was positively associated

with the 30-day mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.12, 3.61) after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, department, serum sodium, serum albumin, serum-magnesium, hypertension, heart

failure, chronic renal failure, and pneumonia). When GPR was translated to a categorical variable, the ORs and 95% CIs in the tertiles 2 to 3 _versus_ the tertile 1 were 1.24 (0.60, 2.56)

and 2.15 (1.09, 4.24), respectively (P for trend = 0.0188). Moreover, the results of the two-piecewise linear regression and curve fitting revealed a linear relationship between GPR and

30-day mortality. In IS patients, GPR is positively correlated with 30-day mortality, and the relationship between them is linear. The GPR at admission may be a promising predictor for the

short-term outcome in IS patients. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM GLUCOSE POTASSIUM RATIO AND MORTALITY IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH INTRACEREBRAL

HEMORRHAGE Article Open access 09 November 2024 GLYCEMIC VARIABILITY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SHORT AND LONG TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

Article Open access 06 March 2025 SERUM ALBUMIN CORRECTED ANION GAP LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE Article Open access 04 May 2025

INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke (IS) is a commonly acute and severe disease with high mortality and disability rates, imposing an increasingly heavy socioeconomic burden globally1. Currently,

intense efforts are being made to find novel risk predictors, which are simple and easily accessible, to better guide clinical decision-making for patients with IS. Circulating biomarkers in

blood samples were clinically very common; thus, the relationship between circulating biomarkers and prognosis has gained increasing attention for stroke in recent years2,3. Serum glucose

and potassium are two important blood indicators that are commonly used clinically. As the main energy source of cells in the human body, glucose is a critical factor for maintaining

cellular metabolism4. Potassium ion, the most abundant cation in the cells of a human body, plays a crucial role in physiological processes including neural conduction, cardiac pulsation,

muscle contraction, and maintenance of normal renal function5. In addition, both serum glucose and potassium disturbances have been revealed to be correlated with the risk of stroke6,7.

Previous studies have demonstrated that there were complex interactions among potassium and glucose in the human body8,9. Given the potential combined effects of glucose and serum potassium,

the serum glucose to potassium ratio (GPR) has been used in a few studies and has been shown to be an early prognostic factors for central nerve injures including aneurysmal subarachnoid

hemorrhage (aSAH)10, acute intracerebral hemorrhage11, severe traumatic brain injury12, and neuropsychiatric syndrome after carbon monoxide poisoning13. However, the relationship between GPR

and the clinical outcome of IS remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between GPR at admission and short-term mortality in IS patients based on a retrospective

cohort study. METHODS DATA SOURCE Original data were published by Tazmini et al.14 on the “DRYAD” website (www.datadryad.org). And Tazmini et al.15 authorized the ownership of their raw data

to the “DRYAD” database. Thus, this secondary research based on the raw data for a different research hypothesis was permitted. The original research was a single-center retrospective

cohort study that included 31,966 unique patients (62,991 registered admission information) who visited the emergency department of the Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo (Norway) from 2010 to

2015. According to the ICD-10 standard of classification, 974 visits (admission information) were diagnosed as IS (ICD-10, I63). The raw data included information on multiple

hospitalizations for the same patient, but only the first visit of each patient was considered in this study. Thus, we excluded the second or subsequent admissions (n = 88). Only 886 unique

IS patients were then considered during analysis. Subsequently, 102 patients were excluded for missing data concerning serum glucose or potassium levels (n = 6), incorrectly recorded days of

death (n = 5), and presence of diabetes mellitus or serum glucose level > 200 mg/dL (n = 91) at admission. Finally, 784 unique participants were included in the study (Fig. 1). EXPOSURE

All the laboratory indicators were obtained from the first-time laboratory results at admission. Serum calcium (mmol/L), serum-albumin (g/L), serum-sodium (mmol/L), serum-potassium (mmol/L),

serum-glucose (mmol/L), serum-phosphate (mmol/L), and serum-magnesium (mmol/L) were recorded in the original data. The serum glucose to potassium ratio was calculated as serum glucose

concentration (mmol/L) divided by serum potassium concentration (mmol/L)12. CO-MORBIDITIES AND OTHER VARIABLES Secondary diagnostic information was used to identify co-morbidities including

diabetes (ICD-10: E10–E14), hypertension (ICD-10: I10), hyperlipemia (ICD-8: E78), atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (ICD-10: I48), heart failure (ICD-10: I50), acute renal failure(ICD-10:

N17), chronic renal failure (ICD-10: N18), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10: J42–44), coronary heart disease (ICD-10: I25), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10:

J42–44), cancer (ICD-10: C0–C9, Z51.0-3), malnutrition (ICD-10: E40–E46), and pneumonia (ICD-10: J98, J69, J11–18). All IS patients were categorized into five subtypes according to the TOAST

stroke subtype classification system: large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small-vessel occlusion, other determined etiology, and undetermined16. The information of patients

admitted to the medical or surgical department was identified as a binary variable. OUTCOME The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 30 days after first admission. MISSING DATA All

missing data of covariates are stated in Table 1. Considering that missing data may reduce statistical power or even lead to bias, covariates with too much missing data (e.g., concerning

serum phosphate and serum magnesium levels) were handled as categorical variables. And dummy variables were used to identify the missing values of the covariate17. In addition, to further

assess whether missing data being handled as dummy variables can introduce bias into the results, we used multiple imputations based on five replications and chained equation approach in the

R MI procedure to handle all the missing data for sensitivity analysis18. The process of multiple imputation and the results of multivariate regression analysis based on five multiple

imputation data are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1 respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All analyses were performed with EmpowerStats (www.empowerstats.com, X&Y

Solutions, Inc., Boston, MA) and the statistical software package R (http://www.R-project.org, The R Foundation). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Continuous and

categorical variables are expressed as Mean ± SDs and percentages, respectively. To examine the differences among subgroups of variables, we used one-way ANOVA test for continuous variables

with normal distribution, Kruskal–Wallis H test for continuous variables with skewed distribution, and chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test) for categorical variables. Multiple logistic

regression analysis was used to explore the association between GPR and outcome (30-day mortality); OR and 95% CI were used for risk evaluation. To evaluate whether there is a potential

non-linear relationship between GPR and 30-day mortality, curve fitting and two-piecewise linear regression analysis were performed. We built three models to regulate the potential

confounding factors, they are : (1) Crude model, i.e., unadjusted; (2) Model I, adjusted for age and gender; (3) Model II, adjusted for age, gender, department, serum sodium, serum albumin,

serum-magnesium tertiles, hypertension, heart failure, chronic renal failure, and pneumonia. Covariates were selected based on their relationship to 30-day mortality or their ability to

change the effect value by more than 10%19, gender was also included as a basic covariate. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS GPR tertiles were also used to test the stability of multiple regression

analysis results, and the linear tests were performed by assigning medians to each GPR tertile as a continuous variable in the models20. An E-value was used to explore the potential of

unmeasured confounding between GPR and 30-day mortality. The E-value was defined as the required magnitude for an unmeasured confounder to overturn the observed association between GPR and

30-day mortality21. ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Ethics of the previous study was approved by the Norway regional committee (Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research

Ethics South East) and informed consent was exempt for anonymous data. Thus, our secondary analysis based on this original study did not require separate ethical approval. And our study was

carried out following all the relevant guidelines and regulations. RESULTS BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS The participants’ average age of participants was 77.64 ± 12.32 (range

34–100) years and 54.68% were female. The baseline characteristics and co-morbidities of participants are demonstrated in Table 1 by GPR tertiles. Serum-phosphate tertiles, atrial

fibrillation/atrial flutter, cancer, pneumonia, and 30-day mortality of the GPR tertiles groups were statistically different (all P < 0.05). Large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism,

small-vessel occlusion, other determined etiology, and undetermined. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO 30-DAY MORTALITY The 30-day mortality was chosen as a dependent variable, and

univariate analysis were performed to determine which covariables were related to 30-day mortality. The results indicated that age (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.057–1.13, P < 0.0001), department

(Surgical _vs_ Medical: OR 19.11, 95% CI 1.71–213.26, P = 0.0165), GPR (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.31–3.63, P = 0.0028), serum-glucose (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.14–1.55, P = 0.0003), serum-albumin (OR 0.82,

95% CI 0.78–0.87, P < 0.0001), hypertension (yes _vs_ no: OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26–0.96, P = 0.0378), heart failure (yes vs no: OR 5.44, 95% CI 2.22–13.28, P = 0.0002), chronic renal failure

(yes _vs_ no: OR 4.51, 95% CI 2.06–9.89, P = 0.0002), pneumonia (yes _vs_ no: OR 9.17 , 95% CI 4.52–18.63, P < 0.0001) were associated with 30-day mortality (Table 2). MULTIVARIATE

LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF GPR AND 30-DAY MORTALITY In multivariate regression analysis, we built three models adjusting for different covariates to verify the stability of the results.

The results of the crude model without adjusting for confounder factors showed that GPR and 30-day mortality were positively correlated (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.31–3.63).Model I which was

adjusted for age and gender also indicated the same association (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.24–3.54). Model II which was further adjusted for age, gender, department, serum sodium, serum albumin,

serum-magnesium tertiles, hypertension, heart failure, chronic renal failure, and pneumonia also revealed that GPR was independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI

1.12–3.61) (Table 3). CURVE FITTING AND TWO-PIECEWISE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL OF GPR AND 30-DAY MORTALITY Curve fitting analysis, was adjusted according to three models (crude model, model

I, model II) all indicated that a curve that that continues to rise, and the inflection point was approximately 1.6 (Fig. 2). According to the inflection point (GPR = 1.6), two-piecewise

linear regression analysis models for different confounding factors (crude model, model I, model II) were used to explore the potential non-liner relationship. The result of model II showed

two different effective sizes in two-piecewise linear regression equations, but the P-value for likelihood ratio test was 0.55 which was not statistically significant. The other two models

showed similar results and the P-values for the likelihood ratio test were all > 0.05 (Table 4). Thus, the relationship of GPR with 30-day mortality was linear. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS GPR

(tertiles) were also plugged into the multiple regression equation for sensitivity analysis. The results of GPR as categorical variable (tertile) were consistent with the results of GPR as a

continuous variable, the top tertile had 115% increment of diabetes risk when compared with the bottom tertile in the full model (model II), and found that the trend across the tertiles was

significant (P for trend = 0.0188). Other two models (crude model, model I) showed similar results (Table 3). An E-value was calculated to assess the sensitivity to unmeasured confounding.

The primary findings were stable unless an unmeasured confounder existed and high positively related to GPR (OR ≥ 3.43) and 30 day-mortality (OR ≥ 3.43). DISCUSSION To the best of our

knowledge, this is the first study to explore the relationship between GPR and the clinical IS outcome. Our study showed a significantly positive correlation between GPR levels and 30-day

mortality. Further, the stability of the association was verified by adjusting for potential confounding factors (mode I, OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.24–3.54; model II, OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.24–3.54). In

sensitivity analysis, we handled GPR as a categorical variable (tertiles) and the results showed an increasing trend of OR values from tertile 1 to tertile 3 in the three models (P values

for trend all < 0.05). Moreover, the curve fittings of GPR levels and 30-day mortality showed a gradual upward curve in smoothing plots for the three different models (Supplementary Fig.

1). According to the inflection point in the curve fitting plot, two-piecewise linear regression analyses with three different adjustment methods were performed and all the results showed a

linear relationship between GPR and 30-day mortality. GPR is a novel parameter that can be measured quickly in clinics. Fujiki et al. first reported the potential association between

baseline GPR and H–K grade and Glasgow score at discharge in a retrospective cohort study including 565 aSAH patients10. In another study, they investigated cerebral vasospasm after aSAH,

and reported that elevated GPR levels were related to cerebral vasospasm grades and ischemic events induced by cerebral vasospasm22. In addition, the roles of GPR levels in other acute

neurological injury related disease including acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuropsychiatric syndrome after carbon monoxide poisoning, and severe traumatic brain injury, have been

proven11,12,13. In these studies, the baseline GPR levels were all observed in worse clinical outcome group than the normal group. Our results added evidence with regard to association

between GPR levels and short-term outcome (30-day mortality) in cerebral ischemic injury. The results of the aforesaid studies suggested that GPR levels were closely related to pathological

neurological disorders. Hyperglycemia is very common in the acute phase of IS, even among non-diabetic IS patients23. The phenomenon of post-stroke hyperglycemia was believed to be a type of

stress hyperglycemia induced by high cortisol and catecholamine levels after ischemic injury24. In addition, stress hyperglycemia had been suggested to be associated with stroke severity.

Patients with stress hyperglycemia often had more serious strokes than those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)25. Guo et.al have reported that IS patients with stress hyperglycemia had a

higher risk of 90-day stroke recurrence than those with T2DM26. However, inconsistent results were shown in studies to explore the association between hyperglycemia and clinical outcomes of

IS patients25,27,28,29. A study by Zonneveld et.al showed that stress hyperglycemia was associated with post-stroke infections and poor functional outcome27. Further, among both IS patients

treated with intravenous thrombolysis28 and those treated via mechanical thrombectomy29, stress hyperglycemia was proven to be associated with a poor outcome. However, Tziomalos et al.

believed that stress hyperglycemia was correlated with stroke severity rather than directly being related to an adverse outcome25. Besides, a recent clinical trial showed that

glucose-lowering therapy did not help in improving the prognosis30. In addition to the heterogeneity of study design, and the potential non-linear relationship between admission serum

glucose and outcome reported previously31, the complicated and multifaceted path mechanism underlying stress hyperglycemia may lead to the discordance of results. Likewise, as another

important clinical blood biomarker, serum potassium levels play a crucial role in maintaining basic cellular functions. Normally, potassium ion is mostly stored in the cells and transported

outside the membrane by sodium/potassium ATPase when necessary. Some population-based evidences have demonstrated that a potassium-rich diet could lower the risk of stroke32,33.

Nevertheless, existing studies investigating the association between serum potassium and stroke outcome have shown contrasting results34,35,36. In our univariate analysis, admission serum

potassium was not associated with 30-day mortality. This may be because of the intermediate factors, such as serum glucose, which impacted the relationship between serum potassium and

short-term outcome. Accordingly, current research on the specific relationship between serum potassium level and the outcome of IS patients is still limited. Despite these observations

investigating the baseline GPR levels and IS outcome, the mechanisms underlying these findings still remain unknown. In severe stress injury conditions, sympathetic activation would result

in an increased secretion of stress hormones including catecholamines, growth hormone, cortisol, and cytokines, and then induce a hyperglycemic response and insulin resistance24. In acute IS

patients, the regulation of sodium/potassium ATPase by high catecholamine levels and secretion of insulin all would lead to potassium influx37. Thus, post-stroke hyperglycemia and

hypokalemia may reflect the stress-related activation and a disorder of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA axis dysregulation believed to play a key role in the process of

successive energy pump failure and various signaling cascades of IS38. In addition, a high cortisol level would activate the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) to induce low serum

potassium39. Brown et.al also thought that lower serum potassium level may represent increased activity of RAAS40. Current evidences show that RAAS plays a pivotal role in the progression of

IS41, and angiotensin II receptors blockers could help to stroke prevention42. Based on the abovementioned discussion and considering the combined effects of serum potassium and serum

glucose levels, the GPR index may be a good indicator for reflecting the status of HPA axis and RAAS dysregulation after IS. Moreover, studies of other stress damage types including acute

myocardial infarction43, blunt abdominal trauma44, pulmonary embolism45, and even intermediate syndrome induced by anticholinesterase-containing chemicals poisoning46 all showed a stable

correlation between increased GPR and poor outcomes or more severe symptoms. These studies also suggest that GPR may be a potential marker of stress injury for reflecting the condition of

the whole body in severe disease. The pathogenesis of IS is complex, and there was limited knowledge concerning it until now. Therefore, most treatment strategies currently followed that

were developed by targeting known key pathogenetic links are often inadequately effective. The role of stress responses38 and stress-related markers3 has been proven to play a pivotal role

in IS progression and has gained increasing attention. Our results suggested that comprehensive treatments including appropriate potassium supplementation, hypoglycemic treatment, and stress

response blocker (β-blocker, RAAS inhibitor) may improve the short-term prognosis with high GPR levels. However, because of the nature of this retrospective study, the causality of high GPR

levels and short-term outcome in IS patients could not be established. Future studies were needed to explore the causal relationship and verify the effectiveness of these treatments. In

addition, because the raw data of our study were from a large emergency cohort, GPR may have a broad application prospect for IS patients admitted in emergency departments, especially in

primary or smaller emergency departments as a brief blood biomarker, information on which could quickly be obtained at admission. CONCLUSION Among IS patients, GPR is positively correlated

with 30-day mortality, and the relationship between them is linear. Thus, GPR at admission may be a promising predictor of the short-term outcome of IS patients. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

There are several advantages to our study. First, the results of univariate analysis, regression coefficient change, and previous literature were used to select covariates. Second, curve

fitting and two-piecewise linear regression analysis were performed to explore the potential non-liner relationship, which had been shown in a previous study. Third, one crude model and

three models which had been adjusted for potential confounding variables were used to test the stability of the results. Fourth, to avoid the contingency of analysis, GPR was considered as a

continuous variable and categorical variable in the multiple regression equation, and sensitivity analysis and trend test were performed. However, this study also has some limitations.

First, the presence of unmeasured confounders could not be excluded. Since the secondary analysis originated from a retrospective cohort, variables that were not collected could not be

adjusted. E-value was used to explore the potential for unmeasured confounding between GPR and 30-day mortality and the result showed that an unmeasured confounder was unlikely to explain

the entirety of the mortality effect. Second, ICD-10 codes for renal failure may not be clear enough to identify renal function status, and hospitalization information after emergency

admission including intensive care unit duration and length of hospital stay were not included in the analysis; future studies collecting renal function indicators (serum creatinine and

baseline eGFR), intensive care unit duration, and length of hospital stay are required to more accurately explore the association and mechanisms. Second, there was no record concerning the

levels of serum hormones such as catecholamines, glucagon, and corticosteroids in the original data; thus, we could not clarify the reason for high GPR in patients with severe IS. Third,

lacking treatment information before the first blood tests (dextrose, potassium, or insulin) and after admission may lead to bias. However, given that the treatment would tend to a bias

toward the null, we believed that the unmeasured confounding of medication treatment may underestimate the observed effect. Fourth, though first-time laboratory results at admission, which

are more likely to reflect the initial state of the patient at the onset, were used, it would be better to examine the dynamic changes in GPR in future studies to understand the potential

mechanism of the associations. Because of the retrospective study design, we could not confirm the time of blood collection, which will influence the GPR level. Thus, further prospective

studies with predesigned identical examination time are required. Finally, the participants of this study are Norwegian populations, and the findings do not necessarily apply to other

populations. DATA AVAILABILITY The data are available from the ‘DataDryad’ database (www.datadryad.org). ABBREVIATIONS * GPR: Serum glucose to potassium ratio * IS: Ischemic stroke * aSAH:

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89, 161–173 (2022). Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors specially thank the other authors of the original study. They completed the whole

study and shared their data selflessly and kindly. They are (the rankings and institutions of these researchers are ranked according to the original reference 15): Professor Kiarash Tazmini

(Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Professor Ståle H. Nymo (Department of Internal Medicine,

Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Professor William E. Louch (Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center

for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway), Professor Anette H. Ranhoff (Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical

Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway), and Professor (Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen,

Bergen, Norway). Besides, the authors are grateful to Professor Xinglin Chen and Professor Changzhong Chen (Statistical consultant, X&Y Solution, lnc. Boston MA) for their assistance in

statistics. Finally, the first author YzL would like to especially thank his daughter (Mrs. Yanli Lu) and other family memberships for their encouragement and kind support. FUNDING This

study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81960330) (http://www.nsfc.gov.cn) and Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology (Grant Number:

20202BABL206053, 20192BAB205045, 20161BBI90018). AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * Yang Wang Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical

University, South Gongti Road 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10043, China AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,

Nanchang University, Yongwai Zheng Road 17, Nanchang, 330006, China Yuzhao Lu, Xiaobing Zhou & Yang Wang * Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jingshan Union Hospital of Huazhong University

of Science and Technology, Jingshan, 431899, Hubei, China Xin Ma Authors * Yuzhao Lu View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Xin Ma View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Xiaobing Zhou View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Yang Wang

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS Conceptualization, methodology: Y.L. and X.M. Software: Y.L. Visualization: X.M.

Writing—Original draft preparation: Y.L. Writing—Reviewing and Editing: Y.W., Y.M., and X.Z. All the authors listed have read and approved the manuscript. CORRESPONDING AUTHORS

Correspondence to Xiaobing Zhou or Yang Wang. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER'S NOTE Springer Nature

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_et al._ The association between serum glucose to potassium ratio on admission and short-term mortality in ischemic stroke patients. _Sci Rep_ 12, 8233 (2022).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12393-0 Download citation * Received: 15 October 2021 * Accepted: 09 May 2022 * Published: 17 May 2022 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12393-0

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