The longitudinal associations of inflammatory biomarkers and depression revisited: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

ABSTRACT The innate immune system is dysregulated in depression; however, less is known about the longitudinal associations of depression and inflammatory biomarkers. We investigated the

prospective associations of depression and inflammatory biomarkers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor–Alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)] in community samples, both

unadjusted and adjusted for covariates. The review, registered with PROSPERO, searched for published and unpublished studies via MEDLINE/PsycINFO/PsycARTICLES/EMBASE/Proquest Dissertation.

Standardized Fisher transformations of the correlation/beta coefficients, both unadjusted and adjusted for covariates, were extracted from studies examining the prospective associations of

depression and inflammatory biomarkers. Systematic review conducted in January, 2019 included 38 studies representing 58,256 participants, with up to 27 studies included in random-effects

meta-analysis. Higher CRP/IL-6 were associated with future depressive symptoms, and higher depressive symptoms were associated with higher future CRP/IL-6 in both unadjusted and adjusted

analyses – this is the first meta-analysis reporting an adjusted association of IL-6 with future depression. The adjusted prospective associations of depression with CRP/CRP with depression

were substantially attenuated and small in magnitude. No significant associations were observed for TNF-α. No conclusive results were observed in studies of clinical depression.

Meta-regression indicated that the association of CRP and future depression was larger in older samples and in studies not controlling for possible infection. Small, prospective associations

of depression and inflammatory biomarkers are observed in both directions, particularly for IL-6; however, the strength and importance of this relationship is likely obscured by the

heterogeneity in depression and profound study/methodological differences. Implications for future studies are discussed. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview

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IMPACT OF RESEARCHERS’ ANALYTIC DECISIONS ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS Article 19 June 2023 INFLAMMATION PREDICTS NEW ONSET OF DEPRESSION IN MEN, BUT NOT IN

WOMEN WITHIN A PROSPECTIVE, REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY COHORT Article Open access 26 January 2021 HIGHER IMMUNE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION IN MAJOR DEPRESSION IS INDEPENDENT OF CRP LEVELS:

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Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH079369 and MH101168 to LBA, National Institute of Mental Health

Grants MH118545 and MH096478 to LME and National Research Service Award F31MH118808 as well as an American Psychological Foundation grant to NMG. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS

* Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Naoise Mac Giollabhui, Tommy H. Ng, Lauren M. Ellman & Lauren B. Alloy Authors * Naoise Mac Giollabhui View author

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