Virulence packages | Nature Reviews Microbiology

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Virulence packages | Nature Reviews Microbiology"


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African trypanosomes are vector-borne flagellate parasites that, following transmission by infected tsetse flies, grow in the bloodstream of their mammalian hosts. Humans are immune to most


African trypanosomes owing to the expression of trypanosome lytic factors (TLF), which are complexes of lipids and proteins that include the pore-forming toxin apolipoprotein L-1 (ApoL-1).


However, T. b. rhodesiense expresses the virulence factor serum-resistance associated protein (SRA), which binds to and neutralizes ApoL-1, enabling this parasite to escape immunity and


establish human infection. Furthermore, trypanosome infection causes anaemia, although how the parasite induces this is unclear.


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