Maintenance and modulation of t cell polarity

ABSTRACT As T cells move through the lymphatics and tissues, chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules and antigen receptors engage their ligands in the

microenvironment and contribute to establishing and maintaining cell polarity. Cytoskeletal assemblies, surface proteins and vesicle traffic are essential components of polarity and probably

stabilize the activity of lymphocytes that must negotiate their 'noisy' environment. An additional component of polarity is a family of polarity proteins in T cells that includes

Dlg, Scrib and Lgl, as well as a complex of partitioning-defective proteins. Ultimately, the strength of a T cell response may rely on correct T cell polarization. Therefore, loss of

polarity regulators or guidance cues may interfere with T cell activation. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your

institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this

article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in

* Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS EFFECTOR AND STEM-LIKE MEMORY CELL FATES ARE IMPRINTED IN DISTINCT

LYMPH NODE NICHES DIRECTED BY CXCR3 LIGANDS Article 01 March 2021 THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF FATE DECISIONS IN T CELLS Article 19 March 2025 THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL CONTROL OF EFFECTOR T CELL

MIGRATION Article 24 February 2021 REFERENCES * Gupton, S.L. et al. Cell migration without a lamellipodium: translation of actin dynamics into cell movement mediated by tropomyosin. _J. Cell

Biol._ 168, 619–631 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Jacobelli, J., Chmura, S.A., Buxton, D.B., Davis, M.M. & Krummel, M.F. A single class II myosin

modulates T cell motility and stopping but not synapse assembly. _Nat. Immunol._ 5, 531–538 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Wülfing, C. & Davis, M.M. A

receptor/cytoskeletal movement triggered by costimulation during T cell activation. _Science_ 282, 2266–2269 (1998). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Smith, A. et al. A talin-dependent

LFA-1 focal zone is formed by rapidly migrating T lymphocytes. _J. Cell Biol._ 170, 141–151 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Serrador, J.M. et al. CD43

interacts with moesin and ezrin and regulates its redistribution to the uropods of T lymphocytes at the cell-cell contacts. _Blood_ 91, 4632–4644 (1998). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar

  * del Pozo, M.A. et al. ICAMs redistributed by chemokines to cellular uropods as a mechanism for recruitment of T lymphocytes. _J. Cell Biol._ 137, 493–508 (1997). Article  CAS  PubMed 

PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Krummel, M.F., Sjaastad, M.D., Wülfing, C. & Davis, M.M. Differential assembly of CD3ζ and CD4 during T cell activation. _Science_ 289, 1349–1352

(2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Tibaldi, E.V., Salgia, R. & Reinherz, E.L. CD2 molecules redistribute to the uropod during T cell scanning: implications for cellular

activation and immune surveillance. _Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA_ 99, 7582–7587 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Russell, S. & Oliaro, J.

Compartmentalization in T-cell signalling: membrane microdomains and polarity orchestrate signalling and morphology. _Immunol. Cell Biol._ 84, 107–113 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google

Scholar  * Das, V. et al. Activation-induced polarized recycling targets T cell antigen receptors to the immunological synapse; involvement of SNARE complexes. _Immunity_ 20, 577–588 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Huse, M., Lillemeier, B.F., Kuhns, M.S., Chen, D.S. & Davis, M.M. T cells use two directionally distinct pathways for cytokine secretion. _Nat.

Immunol._ 7, 247–255 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roche, J.P., Packard, M.C., Moeckel-Cole, S. & Budnik, V. Regulation of synaptic plasticity and synaptic vesicle

dynamics by the PDZ protein Scribble. _J. Neurosci._ 22, 6471–6479 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Bilder, D., Li, M. & Perrimon, N. Cooperative

regulation of cell polarity and growth by _Drosophila_ tumor suppressors. _Science_ 289, 113–116 (2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Montcouquiol, M. et al. Identification of

Vangl2 and Scrb1 as planar polarity genes in mammals. _Nature_ 423, 173–177 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Qin, Y., Capaldo, C., Gumbiner, B.M. & Macara, I.G. The

mammalian Scribble polarity protein regulates epithelial cell adhesion and migration through E-cadherin. _J. Cell Biol._ 171, 1061–1071 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google

Scholar  * Lahuna, O. et al. Thyrotropin receptor trafficking relies on the hScrib-betaPIX-GIT1–ARF6 pathway. _EMBO J._ 24, 1364–1374 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google

Scholar  * Ludford-Menting, M.J. et al. A network of PDZ-containing proteins regulates T cell polarity and morphology during migration and immunological synapse formation. _Immunity_ 22,

737–748 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Yamanaka, T. et al. Mammalian Lgl forms a protein complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell

polarity. _Curr. Biol._ 13, 734–743 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Plant, P.J. et al. A polarity complex of mPar-6 and atypical PKC binds, phosphorylates and regulates

mammalian Lgl. _Nat. Cell Biol._ 5, 301–308 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Betschinger, J., Mechtler, K. & Knoblich, J.A. The Par complex directs asymmetric cell

division by phosphorylating the cytoskeletal protein Lgl. _Nature_ 422, 326–330 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * del Pozo, M.A., Vicente-Manzanares, M., Tejedor, R., Serrador,

J.M. & Sanchez-Madrid, F. Rho GTPases control migration and polarization of adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal ERM components in T lymphocytes. _Eur. J. Immunol._ 29, 3609–3620 (1999).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * D'Souza-Schorey, C., Boettner, B. & Van Aelst, L. Rac regulates integrin-mediated spreading and increased adhesion of T lymphocytes. _Mol.

Cell. Biol._ 18, 3936–3946 (1998). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Haddad, E. et al. The interaction between Cdc42 and WASP is required for SDF-1-induced T-lymphocyte

chemotaxis. _Blood_ 97, 33–38 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Snapper, S.B. et al. WASP deficiency leads to global defects of directed leukocyte migration _in vitro_ and _in

vivo_. _J. Leukoc. Biol._ 77, 993–998 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Weiner, O.D. et al. Hem-1 complexes are essential for Rac activation, actin polymerization, and myosin

regulation during neutrophil chemotaxis. _PLoS Biol._ 4, e38 (2006). Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar  * Nolz, J.C. et al. The WAVE2 complex regulates actin cytoskeletal

reorganization and CRAC-mediated calcium entry during T cell activation. _Curr. Biol._ 16, 24–34 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Yan, C. et al. WAVE2

deficiency reveals distinct roles in embryogenesis and Rac-mediated actin-based motility. _EMBO J._ 22, 3602–3612 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Laudanna,

C., Campbell, J.J. & Butcher, E.C. Role of Rho in chemoattractant-activated leukocyte adhesion through integrins. _Science_ 271, 981–983 (1996). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *

Constantin, G. et al. Chemokines trigger immediate β2 integrin affinity and mobility changes: differential regulation and roles in lymphocyte arrest under flow. _Immunity_ 13, 759–769

(2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Volinsky, N., Gantman, A. & Yablonski, D.A. Pak- and Pix-dependent branch of the SDF-1α signalling pathway mediates T cell chemotaxis

across restrictive barriers. _Biochem. J._ 397, 213–222 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Weiss-Haljiti, C. et al. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ,

Rac, and PAK signaling in chemokine-induced macrophage migration. _J. Biol. Chem._ 279, 43273–43284 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Leeuwen, F.N. et al. The guanine

nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 affects neuronal morphology; opposing roles for the small GTPases Rac and Rho. _J. Cell Biol._ 139, 797–807 (1997). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  * Lee, J.H. et al. Roles of p-ERM and Rho-ROCK signaling in lymphocyte polarity and uropod formation. _J. Cell Biol._ 167, 327–337 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed

Central  Google Scholar  * Palacios, F., Price, L., Schweitzer, J., Collard, J.G. & D'Souza-Schorey, C. An essential role for ARF6-regulated membrane traffic in adherens junction

turnover and epithelial cell migration. _EMBO J._ 20, 4973–4986 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Audebert, S. et al. Mammalian Scribble forms a tight complex

with the betaPIX exchange factor. _Curr. Biol._ 14, 987–995 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Mathew, D. et al. Recruitment of scribble to the synaptic scaffolding complex

requires GUK-holder, a novel DLG binding protein. _Curr. Biol._ 12, 531–539 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Lue, R.A., Brandin, E., Chan, E.P. & Branton,

D. Two independent domains of hDlg are sufficient for subcellular targeting: the PDZ1–2 conformational unit and an alternatively spliced domain. _J. Cell Biol._ 135, 1125–1137 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Wang, H.R. et al. Regulation of cell polarity and protrusion formation by targeting RhoA for degradation. _Science_ 302, 1775–1779 (2003). Article 

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Joberty, G., Petersen, C., Gao, L. & Macara, I.G. The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42. _Nat. Cell Biol._ 2,

531–539 (2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Johansson, A., Driessens, M. & Aspenstrom, P. The mammalian homologue of the _Caenorhabditis elegans_ polarity protein PAR-6 is a

binding partner for the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. _J. Cell Sci._ 113, 3267–3275 (2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lin, D. et al. A mammalian PAR-3-PAR-6 complex implicated in

Cdc42/Rac1 and aPKC signalling and cell polarity. _Nat. Cell Biol._ 2, 540–547 (2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Zhang, H. & Macara, I.G. The polarity protein PAR-3 and

TIAM1 cooperate in dendritic spine morphogenesis. _Nat. Cell Biol._ 8, 227–237 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Chen, X. & Macara, I.G. Par-3 controls tight junction

assembly through the Rac exchange factor Tiam1. _Nat. Cell Biol._ 7, 262–269 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Habets, G.G. et al. Identification of an invasion-inducing gene,

Tiam-1, that encodes a protein with homology to GDP-GTP exchangers for Rho-like proteins. _Cell_ 77, 537–549 (1994). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dustin, M.L., Bromley, S.K., Kan,

Z., Peterson, D.A. & Unanue, E.R. Antigen receptor engagement delivers a stop signal to migrating T lymphocytes. _Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA_ 94, 3909–3913 (1997). Article  CAS  PubMed

  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Negulescu, P.A., Krasieva, T.B., Khan, A., Kerschbaum, H.H. & Cahalan, M.D. Polarity of T cell shape, motility, and sensitivity to antigen. _Immunity_

4, 421–430 (1996). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Xavier, R. et al. Discs large (Dlg1) complexes in lymphocyte activation. _J. Cell Biol._ 166, 173–178 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed

  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Round, J.L. et al. Dlgh1 coordinates actin polymerization, synaptic T cell receptor and lipid raft aggregation, and effector function in T cells. _J. Exp.

Med._ 201, 419–430 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Faure, S. et al. ERM proteins regulate cytoskeleton relaxation promoting T cell-APC conjugation. _Nat.

Immunol._ 5, 272–279 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dulyaninova, N.G., Malashkevich, V.N., Almo, S.C. & Bresnick, A.R. Regulation of myosin-IIA assembly and Mts1 binding

by heavy chain phosphorylation. _Biochemistry_ 44, 6867–6876 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Campi, G., Varma, R. & Dustin, M.L. Actin and agonist MHC-peptide

complex-dependent T cell receptor microclusters as scaffolds for signaling. _J. Exp. Med._ 202, 1031–1036 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Barda-Saad, M. et

al. Dynamic molecular interactions linking the T cell antigen receptor to the actin cytoskeleton. _Nat. Immunol._ 6, 80–89 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bunnell, S.C.,

Kapoor, V., Trible, R.P., Zhang, W. & Samelson, L.E. Dynamic actin polymerization drives T cell receptor-induced spreading: a role for the signal transduction adaptor LAT. _Immunity_ 14,

315–329 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bubeck Wardenburg, J. et al. Regulation of PAK activation and the T cell cytoskeleton by the linker protein SLP-76. _Immunity_ 9,

607–616 (1998). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hanada, T., Lin, L., Chandy, K.G., Oh, S.S. & Chishti, A.H. Human homologue of the _Drosophila_ discs large tumor suppressor binds

to p56lck tyrosine kinase and Shaker type Kv1.3 potassium channel in T lymphocytes. _J. Biol. Chem._ 272, 26899–26904 (1997). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hanada, T., Lin, L.,

Tibaldi, E.V., Reinherz, E.L. & Chishti, A.H. GAKIN, a novel kinesin-like protein associates with the human homologue of the _Drosophila_ discs large tumor suppressor in T lymphocytes.

_J. Biol. Chem._ 275, 28774–28784 (2000). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lee, K.H. et al. T cell receptor signaling precedes immunological synapse formation. _Science_ 295,

1539–1542 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Phee, H., Abraham, R.T. & Weiss, A. Dynamic recruitment of PAK1 to the immunological synapse is mediated by PIX independently of

SLP-76 and Vav1. _Nat. Immunol._ 6, 608–617 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Yablonski, D., Kane, L.P., Qian, D. & Weiss, A.A. Nck-Pak1 signaling module is required for

T-cell receptor-mediated activation of NFAT, but not of JNK. _EMBO J._ 17, 5647–5657 (1998). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Macara, I.G. Parsing the polarity code.

_Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol._ 5, 220–231 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Moss, W.C., Irvine, D.J., Davis, M.M. & Krummel, M.F. Quantifying signaling-induced reorientation

of TCRs during immunological synapse formation. _Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA_ 99, 15024–15029 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Bunnell, S.C. et al. T cell

receptor ligation induces the formation of dynamically regulated signaling assemblies. _J. Cell Biol._ 158, 1263–1275 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Wülfing,

C., Sjaastad, M.D. & Davis, M.M. Visualizing the dynamics of T cell activation: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 migrates rapidly to the T cell/B cell interface and acts to sustain

calcium levels. _Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA_ 95, 6302–6307 (1998). Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Batista, A., Millan, J., Mittelbrunn, M., Sanchez-Madrid, F. &

Alonso, M.A. Recruitment of transferrin receptor to immunological synapse in response to TCR engagement. _J. Immunol._ 172, 6709–6714 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *

Cullinan, P., Sperling, A.I. & Burkhardt, J.K. The distal pole complex: a novel membrane domain distal to the immunological synapse. _Immunol. Rev._ 189, 111–122 (2002). Article  CAS 

PubMed  Google Scholar  * Yokosuka, T. et al. Newly generated T cell receptor microclusters initiate and sustain T cell activation by recruitment of Zap70 and SLP-76. _Nat. Immunol._ 6,

117–127 (2005). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Cannon, J.L. et al. Wasp recruitment to the T cell:APC contact site occurs independently of cdc42 activation. _Immunity_ 15, 249–259 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Etienne-Manneville, S. & Hall, A. Integrin-mediated activation of Cdc42 controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCζ. _Cell_ 106,

489–498 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lee, K.H. et al. The immunological synapse balances T cell receptor signaling and degradation. _Science_ 302, 1218–1222 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Gomes, E.R., Jani, S. & Gundersen, G.G. Nuclear movement regulated by Cdc42, MRCK, myosin, and actin flow establishes MTOC polarization in

migrating Cells. _Cell_ 121, 451–463 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Etienne-Manneville, S. & Hall, A. Cdc42 regulates GSK-3β and adenomatous polyposis coli to control

cell polarity. _Nature_ 421, 753–756 (2003). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Etienne-Manneville, S., Manneville, J.B., Nicholls, S., Ferenczi, M.A. & Hall, A. Cdc42 and Par6-PKCζ

regulate the spatially localized association of Dlg1 and APC to control cell polarization. _J. Cell Biol._ 170, 895–901 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  *

Stinchcombe, J.C., Bossi, G., Booth, S. & Griffiths, G.M. The immunological synapse of CTL contains a secretory domain and membrane bridges. _Immunity_ 15, 751–761 (2001). Article  CAS 

PubMed  Google Scholar  * Ehrlich, L.I., Ebert, P.J., Krummel, M.F., Weiss, A. & Davis, M.M. Dynamics of p56lck translocation to the T cell immunological synapse following agonist and

antagonist stimulation. _Immunity_ 17, 809–822 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bonello, G. et al. Dynamic recruitment of the adaptor protein LAT: LAT exists in two distinct

intracellular pools and controls its own recruitment. _J. Cell Sci._ 117, 1009–1016 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Egen, J.G. & Allison, J.P. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

associated antigen (CTLA-4) accumulation in the immunological synapse is regulated by TCR signal strength. _Immunity_ 16, 23–35 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Maldonado,

R.A., Irvine, D.J., Schreiber, R. & Glimcher, L.H. A role for the immunological synapse in lineage commitment of CD4 lymphocytes. _Nature_ 431, 527–532 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed 

Google Scholar  * Varma, R., Campi, G., Yokosuka, T., Saito, T. & Dustin, M.L. T cell receptor-proximal signals are sustained in peripheral microclusters and terminated in the central

supramolecular activation cluster. _Immunity_ 25, 117–127 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Kirsch, K.H. et al. The adapter type protein CMS/CD2AP binds to the

proto-oncogenic protein c-Cbl through a tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated Src homology 3 domain interaction. _J. Biol. Chem._ 276, 4957–4963 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *

Musch, A. et al. Mammalian homolog of _Drosophila_ tumor suppressor lethal (2) giant larvae interacts with basolateral exocytic machinery in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. _Mol. Biol.

Cell_ 13, 158–168 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Zacchi, P. et al. Rab17 regulates membrane trafficking through apical recycling endosomes in polarized epithelial cells. _J.

Cell Biol._ 140, 1039–1053 (1998). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Terai, T., Nishimura, N., Kanda, I., Yasui, N. & Sasaki, T. JRAB/MICAL-L2 is a junctional

Rab13-binding protein mediating the endocytic recycling of occludin. _Mol. Biol. Cell_ 17, 2465–2475 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Shamri, R. et al.

Lymphocyte arrest requires instantaneous induction of an extended LFA-1 conformation mediated by endothelium-bound chemokines. _Nat. Immunol._ 6, 497–506 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google

Scholar  * Friedman, R.S., Jacobelli, J. & Krummel, M.F. Surface-bound chemokines capture and prime T cells for synapse formation. _Nat. Immunol._ 7, 1101–1108 (2006). Article  CAS 

PubMed  Google Scholar  * Mempel, T.R., Henrickson, S.E. & von Andrian, U.H. T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases. _Nature_ 427, 154–159

(2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank J. Gilden for critical reading of the manuscript, and C. Lin for assistance with graphics. AUTHOR

INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0511, California, USA Matthew F Krummel * Department of

Microbiology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 22908-0577, Virginia, USA Ian Macara Authors * Matthew F Krummel View author publications

You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ian Macara View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS

Correspondence to Matthew F Krummel or Ian Macara. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and

permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Krummel, M., Macara, I. Maintenance and modulation of T cell polarity. _Nat Immunol_ 7, 1143–1149 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1404

Download citation * Received: 07 August 2006 * Accepted: 14 September 2006 * Published: 19 October 2006 * Issue Date: 01 November 2006 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1404 SHARE THIS

ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative