A compromise to break the climate impasse

Nature

A compromise to break the climate impasse"


Play all audios:

Loading...

ABSTRACT To overcome the current impasse in global climate negotiations we propose a compromise for sharing the remaining carbon budget, based on four elements. First, limiting initial


action to the Major Economies Forum members would streamline negotiations greatly. Second, using consumption-based carbon accounting would overcome important fairness concerns of key


developing countries. Similarly, applying equity principles of responsibility and capability to apportion the burden of emissions reductions within the group can address concerns of both the


global north and south. And fourth, promptly bringing this compromise back to the United Nations negotiations for wider adoption will be critical. Based on an indicative carbon budget of


420 gigatonnes carbon dioxide over the period 2012–2050, our analysis shows that ambitious but feasible emissions reductions will be needed, with sharp differences by world economic groups.


The compromise offers effectiveness, feasibility and fairness. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS


OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on


SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about


institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS QUANTIFICATION OF AN EFFICIENCY–SOVEREIGNTY TRADE-OFF IN CLIMATE POLICY Article


09 December 2020 COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE WITH MATCHING-COMMITMENT AGREEMENTS Article Open access 19 June 2020 A PRINCIPLE-BASED FRAMEWORK TO DETERMINE COUNTRIES’ FAIR WARMING CONTRIBUTIONS


TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT Article Open access 26 January 2025 CHANGE HISTORY * _ 02 OCTOBER 2014 In the version of this Perspective originally published, reference 20 contained a typographical


error and should have read: Purdon, M. Neoclassical realism and international climate change politics: moral imperative and political constraint in international climate finance. _J. Int.


Relat. Dev._ 17, 301–338 (2014). This error has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Perspective. _ REFERENCES * Keohane, R. O. & Victor D. G. The regime complex for


climate change. _Perspect. Polit._ 9, 7–23 (2011). Article  Google Scholar  * Bodansky, D. The Copenhagen climate change conference: A postmortem. _Am. J. Int. Law_ 104, 230–240 (2010).


Article  Google Scholar  * Falkner, R., Hannes, S. & Vogler, J. International climate policy after Copenhagen: Towards a building blocks approach. _Glob. Policy_ 1, 1–11 (2010). Article


  Google Scholar  * Parks, B. C. & Roberts J. T. Climate change, social theory and justice. _Theor. Cult. Soc._ 27, 134–166 (2010). Article  Google Scholar  * Hurrell, A. & Sengupta,


S. Emerging powers, North–South relations and global climate politics. _Int. Aff._ 88, 463–484 (2012). Article  Google Scholar  * Like-Minded Developing Countries on Climate Change.


Submission to the Ad-Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) on the Implementation of all the elements of decision 1/CP.17, (a) Matters related to paragraphs 2 to


6. (UNFCCC, 2013). * Harris, P. G. & Symons, J. Norm conflict in climate governance: greenhouse gas accounting and the problem of consumption. _Global Environ. Polit._ 13, 9–29 (2013).


Article  Google Scholar  * Barrett, S. _Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making_ (Oxford Univ. Press, 2005). Book  Google Scholar  * Terhalle, M. &


Depledge, G. Great-power politics, order transition, and climate governance: insights from international relations theory. _Clim. Policy_ 13, 572–588 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  *


Underdal, A. in _International Multilateral Negotiation: Approaches to the Management of Complexity_ (ed. Zartman, I. W.) 178–197 (Jossey-Bass, 1994). Google Scholar  * Young, O. Political


leadership and regime formation: On the development of institutions in international society. _Int. Organ._ 45, 281–308 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Andresen, S. & Agrawala, S.


Leaders, pushers and laggards in the making of the climate regime. _Global Environ. Chang._ 12, 41–51 (2002). Article  Google Scholar  * Grundig, F. & Ward, H. Structural group


leadership and regime effectiveness. _Polit. Stud._ http://doi.org/sz4 (2013). * Price, R. Moral limit and possibility in world politics. _Int. Organ._ 62, 191–220 (2008). Article  Google


Scholar  * Sen, A. K. _The Idea of Justice_ (Belknap/Harvard, 2009). Book  Google Scholar  * Stocker, T. F. The closing door of climate targets. _Science_ 339, 280–282 (2013). Article  CAS 


Google Scholar  * Allen, M. R. et al. Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. _Nature_ 458, 1163–1166 (2009). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Stern, N.


(ed.) _The Economics of Climate Change [The Stern Review]_ (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007). Book  Google Scholar  * Nordhaus, W. _A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming


Policy_ (Yale Univ. Press, 2008). Google Scholar  * Purdon, M. Neoclassical realism and international climate change politics: moral imperative and political constraint in international


climate finance. _J. Int. Relat. Dev._ 17, 301–338 (2014). Google Scholar  * Rose, G. Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. _World Polit._ 51, 144–172 (1998). Article  Google


Scholar  * Grundig, F. Patterns of international cooperation and the explanatory power of relative gains: An analysis of cooperation on global climate change, ozone depletion, and


international trade. _Int. Stud. Q._ 50, 781–801 (2006). Article  Google Scholar  * Vezirgiannidou, S. E. The Kyoto agreement and the pursuit of relative gains. _Environ. Polit._ 17, 40–57


(2008). Article  Google Scholar  * Brenton, A. 'Great Powers' in climate politics. _Clim. Policy_ 13, 541–546 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Bäckstrand, K. & Elgström, O.


The EU's role in climate change negotiations: from leader to 'leadiator'. _J. Eur. Public Policy_ 20, 1369–1386 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Eckersley, R. Moving forward


in the climate negotiations: Multilateralism or minilateralism? _Global Environ. Polit._ 12, 24–42 (2012). Article  Google Scholar  * Nelsen, A. US considers shifting climate negotiations


away from UN track. _The Guardian_, Guardian Environment Network, 16 November 2012; http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/16/us-considers-climate-negotiations-un Google Scholar  *


Victor D. G. A Madisonian approach to climate policy. _Science_ 309, 1820–1821 (2005). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Stiglitz, J. A new agenda for global warming. _Econ. Voice_ 3, Article


3 (2006). * Barrett, S. Rethinking climate change governance and its relationship to the world trading system. _World Econ._ 34, 1862–1882 (2011). Article  Google Scholar  * Leal-Arcas, R.


Climate change mitigation from the bottom up: using preferential trade agreements to promote climate change mitigation, _Carbon Clim. Law Rev._ 7, 34–42 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  *


Leal-Arcas, R. Working together: How to make trade contribute to climate action. Information Note, International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva (2013). * Pan, J.,


Phillips, J. & Chen, Y. China's balance of emissions embodied in trade: approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility. _Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy_ 24, 354–376


(2008). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Van Asselt, H. & Brewer, T. Addressing competitiveness and leakage concerns in climate policy: An analysis of border adjustment measures in the US


and the EU. _Energ. Policy_ 38, 42–51 (2010). Article  Google Scholar  * Steinberger, J. K., Roberts, J. T., Peters, G. P. & Baiocchi, G. Pathways of human development and carbon


emissions embodied in trade. _Nature Clim. Change_ 2, 81–85 (2012). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Eckersley, R. The politics of carbon leakage and the fairness of border measures. _Ethics


Int. Aff._ 20, 367–393 (2010). Article  Google Scholar  * Kanemoto, K., Moran, D. Lenzen, M. & Geschke, A. International trade undermines national emission reduction targets: New


evidence from air pollution. _Global Environ. Change_ 24, 52–59 (2014). Article  Google Scholar  * Davis, S., Caldeira, K. Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. _Proc. Natl Acad.


Sci. USA_ 107, 5687–5682 (2010). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Peters, G. P. Minx, J. C., Weber, C. L., Edenhofer, O. Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to


2008. _Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA_ 108, 8903–8908 (2011). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Peters, G. P. & Hertwich, E. G. Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories: production versus


consumption. _Clim. Change_ 86, 51–66 (2008). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Steininger, K. et al. Justice and cost effectiveness of consumption-based versus production-based approaches in


the case of unilateral climate policies. _Global Environ. Change_ 24, 75–87 (2014). Article  Google Scholar  * Bows, A. & Barret, J. Cumulative emission scenarios using a


consumption-based approach: a glimmer of hope? _Carbon Manag._ 1, 161–175 (2010). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Peters, G. P. From production-based to consumption-based national emission


inventories. _Ecol. Econ._ 65, 13–23 (2008). Article  Google Scholar  * Peters, G. P., Davis, S. J. & Andrew, R. A synthesis of carbon in international trade. _Biogeosciences_ 9,


3247–3276 (2012). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Le Quéré, C. et al. The global carbon budget 1959–2011. _Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss._ 5, 1107–1157 (2012). Article  Google Scholar  *


Shue, H. in _International Politics of the Environment_ (eds Hurrell, A. & Kingsbury, B.) 373–397 (Oxford Univ. Press, 1992). Google Scholar  * Brunnée, J. & Streck, C. The UNFCCC as


a negotiation forum: towards common but more differentiated responsibilities. _Clim. Policy_ 13, 589–607 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Grasso, M. Sharing the emission budget. _Polit.


Stud._ 60, 668–686 (2012). Article  Google Scholar  * Winkler, H. & Rajamani, L. CBDR&RC in a regime applicable to all. _Clim. Policy_ 14, 102–121 (2014). Article  Google Scholar  *


Caney, S. Justice and the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions. _J. Glob. Ethics_ 5, 125–146 (2009). Article  Google Scholar  * Jamieson, D. in _Perspectives on Climate Change: Science,


Economics, Politics, Ethics_ (eds Sinnott-Armstrong, W. & Howarth, R. B.) 217–248 (Elsevier, 2005). Book  Google Scholar  * Miller, D. Global justice and climate change: how should


responsibilities be distributed? The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. _The International Spectator, Part I and II_, 28, 119–156 (2008). Google Scholar  * Shue, H. Global environment and


international inequality. _Int. Aff._ 75, 531–545 (1999). Article  Google Scholar  * Meyer, L. H. Why historical emissions should count. _Chi. J. Int. Law_ 13, 597–685 (2013). Google Scholar


  * Neumayer, E. In defence of historical accountability for greenhouse gas emissions. _Ecol. Econ._ 33, 185–192 (2000). Article  Google Scholar  * den Elzen, M. G. J., Olivier, J. G. J.,


Höhne, N. & Janssens-Maenhout, G. Countries' contributions to climate change: effect of accounting for all greenhouse gases, recent trends, basic needs and technological progress.


_Clim. Change_ 121, 397–412 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Friman, M. & Strandberg, G. Historical responsibility for climate change: Science and the science-policy interface. _WIREs


Clim. Change_ 5, 297–316 (2014). Article  Google Scholar  * Page, E. A. Distributing the burden of climate change. _Environ. Polit._ 17(4), 556–575 (2008). Article  Google Scholar  * Baer,


P. The greenhouse development rights framework for global burden sharing: reflection on principles and prospects. _WIREs Clim. Change_ 4, 61–71 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Pauw, P.


Bauer, S. Richerzhagen, C. Brandi, C Schmole, H. Different perspectives on differentiated responsibilities: A state-of-the-art review of the notion of common but differentiated


responsibilities in international negotiations. DIE Discussion Paper 6/2014, Bonn (2014). * Bodansky, D. in _The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law_ (eds Bodansky, D.,


Brunnée, J. & Hey, E.) 704–723 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2007). Google Scholar  * Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. I. & McGee, J. Legitimacy in an era of fragmentation: the case of global climate


governance. _Global Environ. Polit._ 13, 56–78 (2013). Article  Google Scholar  * Meinshausen, M. et al. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C. _Nature_ 458,


1158–1162 (2009). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Shue, H. in _The Ethics of Global Climate Change_ (ed. Arnold, D. G.) 292–314 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011). Book  Google Scholar  * Shue,


H. Climate hope: Implementing the exit strategy, _Chi. J. Intl Law_ 13, 381–401 (2013). Google Scholar  * IPCC. _Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers_


(eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013). * Baer, P., Athanasiou, T. & Kartha, S. _The Three Salient Global Mitigation Pathways Assessed in Light of the IPCC Carbon


Budgets_ (Stockholm Environment Institute, 2013). Google Scholar  * Grasso, M. & Roberts, J. T. _A fair compromise to break the climate impasse_ (Brookings Institution Global Economy and


Development Program, 2013) http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/04/04-climate-emissions-grasso-roberts. Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank S. Calgaro, D.


Roser and G. Vittucci Marzetti. This version remains our own responsibility. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Sociology and Social Research, Università


Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy Marco Grasso * Institute for the Study of Environment and Society, Brown University, 89 Waterman Street, Providence, 02912, Rhode Island, USA J. Timmons


Roberts Authors * Marco Grasso View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * J. Timmons Roberts View author publications You can also search for this


author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS M.G. conceived the study. M.G. and J.T.R carried out the study and contributed to writing the article. CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to


Marco Grasso or J. Timmons Roberts. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION


Supplementary Methods (PDF 398 kb) RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Grasso, M., Roberts, J. A compromise to break the climate impasse.


_Nature Clim Change_ 4, 543–549 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2259 Download citation * Received: 07 January 2014 * Accepted: 21 May 2014 * Published: 08 June 2014 * Issue Date:


July 2014 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2259 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable


link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative


Trending News

Greek crisis: confusion reigns as franco-german comments expose cracks

ABSTRACT It is a central tenet of patent law that anything that is not new is unpatentable. This follows from the princi...

Pride month 2025: making connections through community

In June, Pride Month is more than an excuse to don every color of the rainbow. It marks a special time for some members ...

Embrace the wrinkles! Why hollywood should stop de-aging stars | members only

Hollywood has always been a youth-obsessed business, but now technology is allowing older stars Tom Hanks, 68, and Robin...

Laryngeal stenosis associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease following unrelated bone marrow transplantation

Access through your institution Buy or subscribe Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases are clinical manifestati...

Page Not Found

People in France are warned to stay alert to scams this summer, with many criminal schemes targeting drivers, travellers...

Latests News

A compromise to break the climate impasse

ABSTRACT To overcome the current impasse in global climate negotiations we propose a compromise for sharing the remainin...

Stolen crypto doubled to $1. 38 billion in the first half of 2024, research firm says

Filip Radwanski | Sopa Images | Lightrocket | Getty Images Hackers more than doubled their cryptocurrency spoils in the ...

Financial Market News, Analysis and Trading Ideas - IG UK

Spread bet, trade CFDs or deal shares – decide which of our products is best for you.Discover why so many clients choose...

Dunelm's £39 rug in 5 colours 'opens up a room' and 'doesn't collect dust'

"FANTASTIC, SOFT, LUXURIOUS RUG. LOOKS AND FEELS BEAUTIFUL. SO GLAD I PURCHASED IT. DOES NOT ATTRACT DUST EASY AS I...

Superoxide involvement in negative air ion effects

Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ...

Top