Mitochondrial dna and y chromosome-specific polymorphisms in the seminole tribe of florida

ABSTRACT Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was examined in 37 Seminoles from Florida by polymerase chain reaction amplification and high resolution restriction endonuclease

analysis. The Y chromosome _Taq_I restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by the probes 49a, 49f, and 12f2 were examined in the 26 males of this group. Analysis of the mtDNA

revealed that all four Native American haplogroups (A, B, C and D) were present in the Seminoles encompassing about 95% of the Seminole mtDNAs. No European mtDNAs were found among the

Seminoles, but two mtDNAs (about 5%) were members of the African-specific haplogroup L1, thus indicating that a limited number of African women were incorporated in the Seminole tribe.

Analysis of Y chromosome haplotypes supports the hypothesis that haplotypes 18 and 63 are the most likely founding Native American Y chromosome haplotypes from Asia. However, 11 % of the

Seminole Y chromosomes represented haplotypes generally attributed to Europeans, though none harbored standard African haplotypes. These findings support historical evidence that the

Seminole tribe has integrated individuals of European and African ancestry, but suggests that the sex ratio of nonnatives from different continents may have varied. You have full access to

this article via your institution. Download PDF SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN NON-AUSTRONESIAN-SPEAKING TAIWANESE INDIVIDUALS

Article Open access 18 January 2023 THE AMI AND YAMI ABORIGINES OF TAIWAN AND THEIR GENETIC RELATIONSHIP TO EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC POPULATIONS Article 23 March 2021 ETHNOGENETIC ANALYSIS

REVEALS THE BRONZE AGE GENETIC AFFILIATION OF YASHKUNS WITH WEST EURASIANS Article Open access 28 December 2024 INTRODUCTION The Seminole tribe of Florida consists of 2,300 individuals who

reside on five federal-trust reservations in South Florida which include Hollywood, Big Cypress, and Brighton. Approximately 600 tribal members live on each of these three large

reservations. Two smaller reservations are at Immokalee and Tampa. The Miccosukee tribe of Florida, the only other federally recognized tribe in the state, consists of about 800 Seminoles

who broke away politically from the Seminole tribe in the 1960s and live on federal land deep in the Everglades. There were hundreds of Native American tribes living across the land the

Spaniards named La Florida when the Spaniards first entered southeastern North America in the early sixteenth century. The most numerous were the culturally similar Maskóki speakers, who

were the ancestors of today’s Seminoles. Following European arrival, their numbers began to decline rapidly due to the effects of European-introduced pathogens, the establishment of English

colonies in the Southeast after 1670, English slave raiding, Anglo-Spanish conflicts, and the sociodemographic effects of the English deerskin trade. By 1821, at least 5,000 Maskóki speakers

from numerous tribes — including Abalache, Yamasee, Yuchi, Abalachicola, Calusa, Timuguana, Coca, Oconî, Ochisi, and others — were scattered across the peninsula. English-speakers applied

several misnomers to these peoples by calling them, generically, ‘Creeks’, ‘Mikasukî’, and ‘Siminolie’. By the end of the three Seminole Wars in 1858, about 3,500 of these Native Americans

had been forcibly removed to Oklahoma Territory, leaving as few as 300 in Florida. These had taken refuge in the Everglades, and despite the genetic tenuousness of such a small population,

they not only survived but increased demographically. Their descendants emerged in the early twentieth century when American settlement again encroached upon them. Today they are

collectively called ‘Seminoles’, a misnomer derived from a transliteration of the Spanish word cimarrón, originally an Arawak word meaning ‘free peoples’. Within the Seminole tribe of

Florida today, members still recognize their tribal clans, which represent matrilineal, extended-family affiliations comprising both blood and fictive kinship. Seminoles speak two distinct

languages belonging to the North Penutian group of the Amerind linguistic family: Maskóki and Mikasukî [1]. Maskóki is a descendant of the parent language and is spoken predominantly by the

Maskóki people (the so-called Creeks), who reside almost exclusively at Brighton, whereas Mikasukî is a linguistic descendant of Hitchíti (a Maskóki dialect), and is spoken by the majority

of tribal members, although many Seminoles speak both languages. Since 1510, the Seminoles have experienced some European genetic admixture, albeit limited by strong traditional

proscriptions. From 1638 onward, the peninsular tribes lived in proximity to runaway African American slaves who fled the English and the Americans into the sanctuary of Florida. During the

period 1817–1858, the period of the Seminole Wars, the history of the two groups became directly intertwined as the trickle of escapees or ‘maroons’ (also from the Arawak-Spanish word,

cimarrones), turned into a flood. The Seminole-African relationship was generally a symbiotic one, however, with runaways permitted to form villages adjacent to Native American villages in

return for tributary payments in the form of agricultural products. Some Native Americans purchased slaves outright in the manner of the Americans. The African Americans also served as

translators and councilors for the Natives and fought beside them against removal. There was undoubtedly some genetic admixture, and this has continued into the twentieth century [2, 3]. To

learn more about the genetic history of the Seminoles, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome variation from 37 individuals representing several clans. Human mtDNA and Y

chromosome variation encompasses a spectrum of continent-specific polymorphisms which permit estimation of the extent of female and male contributions to a Native American population by

African and European individuals. The extent and nature of mtDNA variation in the Native Americans has been the object of many studies [4–17]. These studies have revealed that Native

American mtDNAs cluster in primarily four mtDNA haplogroups, named A, B, C and D, each defined by a specific set of mutations. The distribution and ages of these haplogroups in Amerind,

Na-Dene, Siberian and Asian populations has been interpreted as indicating that the first human expansion from Siberia could have occurred between 26,000 and 34,000 years before present,

giving rise to the Amerinds, while a more recent migration (7),000–10,000 years before present) gave rise to the Na-Dene of North America [18, 19]. In contrast, over 70% of Africans harbor a

different mtDNA haplogroup defined by a _Hpa_I site at nucleotide pair (np) 3592 [20], and about 65% of Europeans harbor distinctive haplotypes labeled H, I, J, K, each delineated by

distinctive restriction site polymorphisms [21]. These continent-specific markers, together with our extensive data on mtDNA variation of different Native American populations, now make it

possible to investigate interrelationships of various tribes, and the effects of more recent female admixture of Europeans and Africans on Native American genetic diversity. The analysis of

the variation in the paternally transmitted Y chromosome provides complementary data on the origins of Native American males and the integration of European and African men into Native

American tribes. Unlike the highly variable mtDNA, Y chromosome-specific sequences show a limited amount of nucleotide sequence diversity [22, 23]. However, a number of polymorphic Y

chromosome-specific sequences have been identified [22, 24–28]. Many studies on Y chromosome-specific DNA variation have been performed with the 12f2 [29–32], and the p49a/p49f probes [31,

33–44]. Both 49f and 49a probes identify 18 _Taq_I fragments (named from A to R) which, with the exception of the K and L bands, are male-specific [34]. The pl2f2 probe recognizes a

restriction fragment length polymorphism identifiable by both _Eco_RI (allelic fragments of 5.2 and 3.2 kb) and _Taq_I (allelic fragments of 10 and 8 kb) that most likely represents an

insertion/deletion polymorphism [29]. There is a strong linkage disequilibrium between the 49f–49a haplotypes and the 12f2 alleles [31], and between 49f haplotypes and other Y

chromosome-specific markers [27, 42]. Both mtDNA and Y chromosome-specific sequences escape regular recombinational processes, and thus their variation is the result of the sequential

addition of mutations through the generations. Analysis of the Seminole’s mtDNA and Y chromosome variation revealed that the Seminole harbor all four Amerind mtDNA haplogroups, and have

experienced limited gene flow from African women. The Y chromosome data suggested a more substantial contribution from European males. SUBJECTS AND METHODS SUBJECTS Blood samples were

collected from 37 members of the Seminole tribe of Florida. Although clans are the basic social units within the tribe, they no longer cluster in discrete camps. Therefore, we sampled

representatives of as many clans as possible, without regard to reservation. Because only a small number of individuals constituted the ‘founding’ gene pool of the modern tribe (i.e., the

1858 survivors), it is probable that many Seminoles are close relatives. Therefore, to maximize the detection of genetic diversity, we solicited samples from only those individuals who did

not share a common kinship within the last one to two generations (such as parent/child, or full or half siblings). Before sample collection, the subjects were interviewed and informed about

the aim of the study, and pedigree information and informed consent were obtained from all participants. Blood samples were collected in ACD solution and kept cold until arrival at our

laboratory. DNAs for mtDNA analysis were extracted from platelet pellets, and DNAs for Y chromosome analysis were extracted from buffy coats using standard procedures. MTDNA ANALYSIS The

entire mtDNA of each sample was amplified in nine partially overlapping fragments by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pairs and amplification conditions described [8].

Each PCR segment was digested with 14 restriction endonucleases (_Alu_I, _Ava_II, _Bam_HI, _Dde_I, _Hae_II, _Hae_III, _Hha_I, _Hin_cII, _Hin_fI, _Hpa_I, _Msp_I, _Mbd_I, _Rsa_I, _Taq_I). The

resulting fragments were resolved through electrophoresis in NuSieve plus SeaKem agarose (FMC BioProducts) gels and visualized by UV-induced fluorescence. This restriction analysis screens

about 15–20% of the mtDNA nucleotides and defines the mtDNA haplotype (Appendix). The Seminole mtDNA haplotypes were compared to each other and to those observed in other Native American

populations [7, 8, 10, 11] through phylogenetic analysis using parsimony [45]. Maximum parsimony (MP) trees were generated through random addition of sequences using the tree bisection and

reconnection (TBR) algorithm. Because of the large number of terminal taxa, thousands of MP trees could be obtained. We terminated our search at 1,050 trees after 1,000 replications, with no

more than 10 MP trees saved for each replication. Consequently, shorter trees could exist, although none were observed in our analyses. A strict consensus tree of the 1,050 MP trees

obtained by the TBR algorithm was also obtained. The phylogenetic dendrograms were rooted using a Senegalese mtDNA haplotype (‘African outgroup’) [8]. Y CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS Analysis of the Y

chromosome polymorphisms was performed for the 26 males. About 8 µg of total DNA were digested with 5 U/µg of _Taq_I. The fragments were separated by electrophoresis on 0.85% BRL agarose

gels and blotted to nylon membranes (MagnaGraph MSI). The filters were hybridized first with a mixture of the 49f and 49a probes and autoradiographed. They were then stripped and

rehybridized with the 12f2 probe [31, 36]. Probes 49f (2.8 kb) and 49a (0.9 kb) are subfragments, 6 kb apart [46], localized at Yq11.2 [47]. Probe 12f2 (2.3 kb) is a derivative of the 12f

probe which was isolated from a partial human Y DNA library [46] and was assigned to Yq11.1–11, 21 [29]. Y probes were 32P-labeled by random priming to a specific activity of about 2 × 109

cpm/µg of DNA, hybridized to filters, and the filters washed twice for 30 min at 50°C in 2 × SSC (0.3 _M_ NaCl; 0.03 _M_ trisodium citrate) plus 0.1 % SDS. RESULTS MTDNA HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS

Fifteen mtDNA haplotypes (AM1, AM9, AM13, AM32, AM43, AM63, AM88 and AM125–AM132) were observed among the Seminoles (table 1) as defined by 29 polymorphic restriction sites and the 9-base

pair COII-tRNALys intergenic deletion [48–51] (Appendix). Thirty-five out of the 37 mtDNAs analyzed (94.6%) fell into one of the four haplogroups A, B, C and D which characterize Amerind

populations [8]. The remaining two mtDNAs (5.4%) harbored an identical haplotype (AM132) which was previously reported only in sub-Saharan Africans. None of the Seminole mtDNA haplotypes

belonged to any of the European-specific haplogroups [21]. Haplogroup A is defined by a _Hae_III site at np 663 and encompassed eight (AM1, AM9, AM63, AM1125–AM129) of the 15 haplotypes

observed in this study and 59.5% of the Seminole mtDNAs. Haplotypes AM1, AM9 and AM63 have been previously described in other Native American tribes. Haplotypes AM1 and AM9 are broadly

distributed among numerous tribes, but haplotype AM63 was previously reported only in the Ojibwa of Northern Ontario [8]. The remaining five haplogroup A haplotypes observed in the Seminoles

(AM125–AM129) were found here for the first time. The most common haplogroup A haplotypes were AM126 and AM9, which encompassed 36.4 and 27.3%, respectively, of the Seminole haplogroup A

mtDNAs. Haplogroup B is defined by the COII-tRNALys intergenic deletion in association with the _Hae_III np 16517 site gain. This haplogroup encompassed three haplotypes (AM13, AM130, AM131)

and 21.6% of the Seminole mtDNAs. Half of the Seminole haplogroup B mtDNAs were haplotype AM13. This haplotype is the most common haplogroup B haplotype in most Amerind populations, and has

been proposed as the founding haplotype of haplogroup B [7, 8]. Haplotypes AM130 and AM131 are new haplotypes and encompassed 12.5 and 37.5%, respectively, of the Seminole haplogroup B

mtDNAs. Haplogroup C is defined by the concurrent loss of the _Hin_cII site at np 13259 and _Alu_I site gain at np 13262 in association with the _Dde_I np 10394 and _Alu_I np 10397 site

gains. This haplogroup encompassed two haplotypes (AM32 and AM43) and 8.1% of the Seminole mtDNAs. Both haplotypes AM32 and AM43 have been previously seen in various Amerind tribes, and AM43

has been proposed as the founding haplotype of haplogroup C [8]. Haplogroup D is defined by the _Alu_I site loss at np 5176 in association with the _Dde_I np 10394 and _Alu_I np 10397 site

gains. This haplogroup encompassed only one Seminole haplotype (AM88), encompassing 5.4% of the Seminole mtDNAs. Haplotype AM88 has been described in other Amerind tribes and has been

proposed to be the founding haplogroup D haplotype [8]. The genetic relationships among the 15 mtDNA haplotypes (AM1, AM9, AM13, AM32, AM43, AM63, AM88, AM125–AM132) observed in the

Seminoles and the 119 haplotypes (AM1–AM27, AM30–AM73, AM77–AM124) described for other Native American populations [7, 8, 10, 11] were further defined through parsimony analysis. The strict

consensus tree of 1,050 MP trees is also shown in figure 1. The two Seminole mtDNAs which did not cluster in any of the four Native American haplogroups (fig. 1) harbored the same haplotype,

AM132. This haplotype possesses the _Hpa_I np 3592 and the _Hinf_I np 10806 site gains, which define the African-specific haplogroup L1. Interestingly, haplotype AM132 is identical to the

African haplotype AF71 observed among the Mandenka, the Wolof, and the Pular from Senegal [20]. The presence of this African haplotype in the Seminole indicates that at least one African

woman was integrated in the Seminole population. Y CHROMOSOME HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS Ten 49a–49f/_Taq_I haplotypes (8),12,15,18,54,56,63,64,69 and 70) were observed among the 26 Seminole males

(table 2). These haplotypes are defined by the presence or absence of fragments C, D, and I, and by variation in size and number of the fragments of the A and D series (fig. 2). Eight of the

haplotypes have been previously described in Old World populations, while two (69 and 70) are new haplotypes. Overall, the A series showed the largest variation. Band A was represented by

one of the variant fragments A2, A3, A4, A4*, A5 and A6 with the relative sizes of the series being A2 < A3 < A4* < A4 < A5 < A6. A4* fragment is a new A fragment whose size

is slightly lower than the typical A4 fragment (fig. 2). Haplotypes 54, 56 and 64 had the concurrent fragments A2/A3, and haplotype 70 showed the concomitant presence of fragment A5/A6. None

of the Seminole lacked the A bands (A0) (table 2), a feature found in several Old World populations and in one Mixe from southern Mexico [10]. Fragment A1, common only in African

populations [31, 36, 41] was also not observed in the Seminole. The D series (DO, D1 and D2; D1 > D2) also showed the entire range of variation observed in other human populations.

Fragment D1 was observed in haplotypes 8, 12, 18, 63, 69, 70, and fragment D2 in haplotypes 15 and 64. D fragments were absent in haplotypes 54 and 56. The fragment I was absent in

haplotypes 12 and 54, and the fragment F was present in all Seminole similar to the Y chromosomes of Amerinds from southern Mexico, but different from Europeans and Africans. Four of the

haplotypes (haplotypes 15, 18, 63 and 64) were previously observed in the Mixtec, Zapotec and Mixe from southern Mexico. None of the Seminole harbored the African-specific haplotypes 3 and 4

which represent 70–80% of sub-Saharan African Y chromosomes [36]. Haplotype 18 was the most common Y chromosome haplotype among the Seminole with a frequency of 30.8%. This haplotype was

also the most prevalent haplotype (45.2%) in the Amerind populations from southern Mexico [10]. Haplotype 18 has also been described at low frequencies in some European, African, and

Polynesian populations [31, 41–44]. Haplotypes 8 and 63 were the next most common, both having an overall frequency of 15.4% in the Seminole. Haplotype 8 has not been observed in Native

Americans from Mexico [10], while it has been reported in several European populations and some African populations, reaching particularly high frequencies (about 23%) in the Ashkenazi and

Sephardi Jews [31, 33, 36, 41]. This haplotype is also very common (25.4%) in Polynesia [44]. Haplotype 63 was previously reported in about 13% of the Native Americans from Mexico (table 2).

It is absent in Polynesians, and only rarely observed in some European populations [41, 42, 44]. Haplotype 15 was present at a frequency of 11.5% in the Seminole. This is the most common

haplotype in European populations, ranging from 9 to 49%, but is rare or absent in Africans [31, 36, 41, 42]. A recent survey of Polynesians has revealed that haplotype 15 represents 22% of

Polynesian Y chromosomes [44]. Haplotypes 12, 54, 56 and 64 were all observed in only one Seminole. All of these except haplotype 64 have been reported in some European or African

populations [31, 36, 41]. Haplotype 64 was previously detected only in one Zapotec and 1.7% of Polynesians [44]. Haplotypes 69 and 70 are new and were found in two and one Seminole,

respectively. Haplotype 69 is characterized by the newly observed fragment A4* (fig. 2). The results of the analysis with the 12f2 probe are also reported in table 2. Similar to the Native

Americans from Mexico, all Seminole Y chromosomes were defined by the 10-kb allele, the 8-kb allele being completely absent. The 8-kb allele is also absent in Africans, whereas it reaches

frequencies of more than 40% in some European populations [29–33]. DISCUSSION ORIGINS OF SEMINOLE MTDNAS The analysis of mtDNAs from Native American populations has revealed that four major

haplogroups A, B, C and D primarily colonized the Americas from Asia [4, 5, 8, 19]. Analysis of mtDNA variation revealed that all but one of the 15 Seminole mtDNA haplotypes belonged to

haplogroups A, B, C and D, and thus were of Native American origin. Only haplotype AM132 was nonnative in origin, being identical to the African haplotype AF71, which was previously observed

in the Senegalese. Thus, some African women were integrated in the Seminole tribe, and African genes are present in the gene pool of modern Seminoles. Of the 14 Amerind haplotypes, seven

(AM125–AM131) are haplotypes which have not been previously reported in other Amerind tribes. One of these, AM126, was present in 21.6% of the samples and was the most common Seminole

haplotype. The observation that a tribal-specific haplotype was also the most prevalent in a tribe is consistent with findings in other Amerind tribes, and indicates that founder effects and

genetic drift have been important in formation of Native American tribes [8]. Of the remaining seven haplotypes found in other Native American tribes (AM1, AM9, AM13, AM32, AM43, AM63, and

AM88), AM1, AM13, AM43 and AM88 have been proposed as founding Asian haplotypes of the Native American haplogroups A, B, C and D, respectively [8, 10, 11]. These four haplotypes are

distributed throughout the range of Amerind populations. The only Amerind populations living east of the Mississippi River which have been analyzed for mtDNA variation are the Seminole of

Florida (the current study) and the Ojibwa of Northern Ontario. Comparison of their mtDNAs revealed some common features. Haplotype AM63, representing 2.7% of the Seminole mtDNAs, was

previously described only in the Ojibwa at a frequency of 14.3% [8]. Similarly, the Seminole haplotype AM125 (2.7%) shared with the Ojibwa haplotype AM62 (35.7%) a _Hae_III site gain at np

2636. Since both AM125 and AM62 are members of haplogroup A, the np 2636 mutation probably predated the radiation of these two tribes. Alternatively, this and other similar mtDNAs of the

Seminole and Ojibwa may have been the result of gene flow between the two populations. Two of the Seminole haplogroup A haplotypes (AM127 and AM128) shared an _Rsa_I site loss at np 16049,

yet differed by the presence of an _Hae_III site gain at np 16517 located in the D loop region. Since these haplotypes have only been observed in the Seminole, it is likely that the _Hae_III

site polymorphism at np 16517 occurred recently. In previous studies, numerous other pairs of tribal-specific haplotypes have been found to differ in the presence of this same _Hae_III

site. These pairs include AM5 and AM6 in the Dogrib, AM38 and AM39 in the Pima, AM40 and AM42 in the Ticuna, AM79 and AM81 in the Macushi, AM93 and AM94 in the Macushi, and AM103 and AM104

in the Mixtec. This confirms that the _Hae_III np 16517 site of the D loop region is particularly prone to mutations resulting in the distribution of this polymorphism among haplogroup A, C

and D mtDNAs [8]. The _Hae_III np 16517 site gain is also highly variable in the haplogroups of Europe [21], and the same mutation has occurred at least eight independent times in a sample

of 140 African individuals [20]. Thus, the instability of this _Hae_III site in most mtDNA haplogroups implies that it cannot be considered a phylogenetically reliable mtDNA marker for these

haplogroups, and indicates that screening for this polymorphism in both modern and ancient populations cannot solve major issues concerning human origin and evolution [17, 52]. ORIGINS OF

SEMINOLE’S Y CHROMOSOME The number and nature of the Y chromosomes which were brought from Asia to the Americas is currently unknown. Data on Asian Y chromosome variation for even the most

commonly studied Y chromosome polymorphisms detected by probes 49a, 49f and 12f2 is unavailable. However, these polymorphic loci have been extensively characterized in European and African

populations. Therefore, comparison of Native American Y chromosome variation with that of Africans and Europeans can provide some insights into the nature of the founding Native American Y

chromosomes. In a study of three isolated populations from southern Mexico (the Mixtec, Zapotec, and Mixe), the 12f2 locus was found not to be polymorphic, and the 49a/49f haplotypes which

were most prevalent were 13, 18 and 63 (table 2). Analysis of the Seminole’s Y chromosomes confirmed the absence of polymorphism at the 12f2 locus and revealed ten 49a–49f/_Taq_I haplotypes

(table 2). These haplotypes together with those reported in the Mixtec, Zapotec, and Mixe bring the total number of haplotypes observed in Native Americans to 17. Six of these (65–70) have

not been described in Old World populations, and probably represent new mutational events. The remaining 11 haplotypes have already been described in non-Native American populations. The

most prevalent of the haplotypes shared with Old World populations is 18, representing 30.8% of the Seminole. Since the same haplotype was observed in 45.2% of southern Mexicans, it is

likely to represent the predominant founding Native American Y chromosome. Another probable founding haplotype is 63. This haplotype represents 15.4% of the Seminole Y chromosomes and 12.9%

of the southern Mexican haplotypes. The only other common haplotype is 15, which is found in 8.8% of Native Americans. This is also the most common haplotype in Europe, with a frequency

greater than 40% in some European populations, but is virtually absent in Africans. Consequently, it is likely to be a European-specific haplotype, and its presence in the Seminole and

southern Mexican tribes suggests that it may be due to genetic admixture with Spaniards. However, it recently has been observed that this haplotype encompasses 22% of Polynesian Y

chromosomes, reaching a frequency of 33% in the Maori [44]. This high frequency of haplotype 15 in the Polynesians could be due to admixture with Europeans, or this haplotype might also be

found in Asia. Consequently, additional studies of Asian and Siberian Y chromosomes will be necessary to determine whether haplotype 15 is a founding Native American haplotype or reflects

genetic admixture with Europeans. In conclusion, analysis of mtDNA variation reveals that the Seminole are a typical Amerind population which has acquired about 5% of nonnative mtDNAs

through matrilineal gene flow from Africans. By contrast, analysis of Y chromosome variation did not reveal any African Y chromosomes, but raised the possibility that about 11 % of the Y

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mitochondrial genome. Nature 1981; 290:457–465. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the Seminole people for their participation and interest

in this study, to the American Type Culture Collection for providing the probe p12f2, and to Dr. J. Weissenbach for the gift of probes p49a and p49f. This work was supported by a J. Worley

Brown Fellowship and NIH grant GM 46915 awarded to D.C.W., NIH grant RR00039 awarded to the Emory Clinical Research Center, Telethon grant E.069 to A.T., and a grant from the Italian

Ministry for Universities (MURST, 40%) to R.S. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.,

30322, USA Kirsi Huoponen, Antonio Torroni, Daniel S. Gurley &  Douglas C. Wallace * Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy

Antonio Torroni, Daniele Sellitto & Rosaria Scozzari * University of Miami and Seminole Tribe of Florida, Miami, Fla., USA Patricia R. Wickman * Centro di Genetica Evoluzionistica, CNR,

Rome, Italy Daniele Sellitto & Rosaria Scozzari * Collagen Research Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Kirsi Huoponen Authors * Kirsi Huoponen

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Antonio Torroni View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar *

Patricia R. Wickman View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Daniele Sellitto View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * Daniel S. Gurley View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Rosaria Scozzari View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Douglas C. Wallace View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar APPENDIX APPENDIX Polymorphic

restriction sites observed in the Seminole mtDNA haplotypes RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Huoponen, K., Torroni, A., Wickman, P.R. _et

al._ Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome-Specific Polymorphisms in the Seminole Tribe of Florida. _Eur J Hum Genet_ 5, 25–34 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405874 Download citation *

Received: 02 May 1996 * Revised: 15 November 1996 * Accepted: 20 November 1996 * Issue Date: January 1997 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405874 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the

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Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEY WORDS * Seminole * Native Americans * Mitochondrial DNA variation * Y chromosome variation