Chromatin-remodelling factor chrac contains the atpases iswi and topoisomerase ii

ABSTRACT Repressive chromatin structures need to be unravelled to allow DNA-binding proteins access to their target sequences. This de-repression constitutes an important point at which

transcription and presumably other nuclear processes can be regulated1,2. Energy-consuming enzyme complexes that facilitate the interaction of transcription factors with chromatin by

modifying nucleosome structure are involved in this regulation3,4,5. One such factor, nucleosome-remodelling factor (NURF), has been isolated from _Drosophila_ embryo extracts4,6,7. We have

now identified a chromatin-accessibility complex (CHRAC) which uses energy to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin. However, unlike other known chromatin remodelling

factors, CHRAC can also function during chromatin assembly: it uses ATP to convert irregular chromatin into a regular array of nucleosomes with even spacing. CHRAC combines enzymes that

modulate nucleosome structure and DNA topology. Using mass spectrometry, we identified two of the five CHRAC subunits as the ATPase ISWI, which is also part of NURF6,8, and topoisomerase II.

The presence of ISWI in different contexts suggests that chromatin remodelling machines have a modular nature and that ISWI has a central role in different chromatin remodelling reactions.

Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this

journal Receive 51 print issues and online access $199.00 per year only $3.90 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer

support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS STRUCTURE OF THE ISW1A COMPLEX BOUND TO THE DINUCLEOSOME Article 04 January 2024 A COMPETITIVE REGULATORY MECHANISM OF THE CHD1 REMODELER IS

INTEGRAL TO DISTORTING NUCLEOSOMAL DNA Article 28 May 2025 ISWI CATALYZES NUCLEOSOME SLIDING IN CONDENSED NUCLEOSOME ARRAYS Article 25 April 2024 REFERENCES * Kingston, R., Bunker, C. &

Imbalzano, A. N. Repression and activation by multiprotein complexes that alter chromatin structure. _Genes Dev._ 10, 905–920 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Felsenfeld, G. Chromatin

unfolds. _Cell_ 86, 13–19 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Peterson, C. L. & Tamkun, J. W. The SWI–SNF complex: a chromatin remodelling machine? _Trends Biochem. Sci._ 20,

143–146 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Tsukiyama, T. & Wu, C. Purification and properties of an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling factor. _Cell_ 83, 1011–1020 (1995). Article

  CAS  Google Scholar  * Cairns, B. R._et al_. RSC, an essential, abundant chromatin-remodelling complex. _Cell_ 87, 1249–1260 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Tsukiyama, T., Daniel,

C., Tamkun, J. & Wu, C. ISWI, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 ATPase family, encodes the 140 kD subunit of the nucleosome remodelling factor. _Cell_ 83, 1021–1026 (1995). Article  CAS  Google

Scholar  * Tsukiyama, T., Becker, P. B. & Wu, C. ATP-dependent nucleosome disruption at a heat-shock promoter mediated by binding of GAGA transcription factor. _Nature_ 367, 525–532

(1994). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Elfring, L. K., Deuring, R., McCallum, C. M., Peterson, C. L. & Tamkun, J. W. Identification and characterization of _Drosophila_ relatives

of the yeast transcriptional activator SNF2/SWI2. _Mol. Cell. Biol._ 14, 2225–2234 (1994). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Becker, P. B. & Wu, C. Cell-free system for assembly of

transcriptionally repressed chromatin from _Drosophila_ embryos. _Mol. Cell. Biol._ 12, 2241–2249 (1992). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * . Becker, P. B., Tsukiyama, T. & Wu, C.

Chromatin assembly extracts from _Drosophila_ embryos. _Meth. Cell Biol._ 44, 207–223 (1994). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Varga-Weisz, P. D., Blank, T. A. & Becker, P. B.

Energy-dependent chromatin accessibility and nucleosome mobility in a cell-free system. _EMBO J._ 14, 2209–2216 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wilm, M._et al_. Femtomole sequencing

of proteins from polyacrylamide gels by nano-electrospray mass spectrometry. _Nature_ 379, 466–469 (1996). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mann, M. & Wilm, M. Error-tolerant

identification of peptides in sequence databases by peptide sequence tags. _Analyt. Chem._ 66, 4390–4399 (1994). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Berger, J. M., Gamblin, S. J., Harrison, S.

C. & Wang, J. C. Structure and mechanism of DNA topoisomerase II. _Nature_ 379, 225–232 (1996). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wang, W. D._et al_. Diversity and specialization of

mammalian SWI/SNF complexes. _Genes Dev._ 10, 2117–2130 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wang, J. C. DNA topoisomerases. _Annu. Rev. Biochem._ 65, 635–692 (1996). Article  CAS  Google

Scholar  * Almouzni, G. & Méchali, M. Assembly of spaced chromatin. Involvement of ATP and DNA topoisomerase activity. _EMBO J._ 7, 4355–4365 (1988). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *

Walter, P. P., Owen-Hughes, T. A., Coté, J. & Workman, J. L. Stimulation of transcription factor binding and histone displacement by nucleosome assembly protein 1 and nucleoplasmin

requires disruption of the histone octamer. _Mol. Cell. Biol._ 15, 6178–6187 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Chen, G. L._et al_. Nonintercalative antitumor drugs interfere with the

breakage-reunion reaction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. _J. Biol. Chem._ 259, 13560–13566 (1984). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Buchenau, P., Saumweber, H. & Arndt, J. D.

Consequences of topoisomerase II inhibition in early embryogenesis of _Drosophila_ revealed by _in vivo_ confocal laser scanning microscopy. _J. Cell Sci._ 104, 1175–1185 (1993). CAS  PubMed

  Google Scholar  * Poljak, L. & Käs, E. Resolving the role of topoisomerase II in chromatin structure and function. _Trends Cell Biol._ 5, 348–354 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

* Wartburton, P. E. & Earnshaw, W. C. Untangling the role of DNA topoisomerase II in mitotic chromosome structure and function. _BioAssays_ 19, 97–99 (1997). Article  Google Scholar  *

Earnshaw, W. C., Halligan, B., Cooke, C. A., Heck, M. M. & Liu, L. F. Topoisomerase II is a structural component of mitotic chromosome scaffolds. _J. Cell Biol._ 100, 1706–1715 (1985).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gasser, S. M., Laroche, T., Falquet, J., Boy de la Tour, E. & Laemmli, U. K. Metaphase chromosome structure. Involvement of topoisomerase II. _J. Mol.

Biol._ 188, 613–629 (1986). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Swedlow, J. R., Sedat, J. W. & Agard, D. A. Multiple chromosomal populations of topoisomerase II detected _in vivo_ by

time-lapse, three-dimensional wide-field microscopy. _Cell_ 73, 97–108 (1993). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Sandaltzopoulos, R., Mitchelmore, C., Bonte, E., Wall, G. & Becker, P. B.

Dual regulation of the _Drosophila hsp26_ promoter _in vitro_. _Nucleic Acids Res._ 23, 2479–2487 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Shevchenko, A., Wilm, M., Vorm, O. & Mann, M.

Mass spectrometric sequencing of proteins from silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. _Analyt. Chem._ 68, 850–858 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wilm, M. & Mann, M. Analytical

properties of the nanoelectrospray ion source. _Analyt. Chem._ 68, 1–8 (1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wall, G., Varga-Weisz, P. D., Sandaltzopoulos, R. & Becker, P. B. Chromatin

remodelling by GAGA factor and heat shock factor at the hypersensitive _Drosophila hsp26_ promoter _in vitro_. _EMBO J._ 14, 1727–1736 (1995). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download

references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by an EMBO fellowship to P.D.V. and by a grant for the DFG to P.B.B. We thank T. Tsukiyama and C. Wu for a generous gift of NURF

fractions and ISWI antibodies, S. Beek and J. Tamkun for antibodies against ISWI, P. Fisher and D. Arndt-Jovin for antibodies against topo II; A. Shevchenko for technical help, H.

Stunnenberg for important suggestions and discussions, T. Blank and C. Garcia-Jimenez for introduction to chromatography and P. Riedinger for artwork. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND

AFFILIATIONS * European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany Patrick D. Varga-Weisz, Matthias Wilm, Edgar Bonte, Katia Dumas, Matthias Mann & Peter

B. Becker Authors * Patrick D. Varga-Weisz View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Matthias Wilm View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Edgar Bonte View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Katia Dumas View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Matthias Mann View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Peter B. Becker View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Peter B. Becker. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS

ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Varga-Weisz, P., Wilm, M., Bonte, E. _et al._ Chromatin-remodelling factor CHRAC contains the ATPases ISWI and topoisomerase II. _Nature_ 388, 598–602 (1997).

https://doi.org/10.1038/41587 Download citation * Received: 29 January 1997 * Accepted: 28 May 1997 * Issue Date: 07 August 1997 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/41587 SHARE THIS ARTICLE

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided

by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative