Seismology in Japan | Nature
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ABSTRACT _The Earthquake of February 22_, 1880.—The earthquake which occurred shortly after midnight on the morning of February 22 was the most severe since the opening of this country to
foreigners. I have been so much in the habit of noting my watch during the frequent earthquake manifestations by day and night, that I am sure I must have been instantly awakened. My house
was swaying to and fro, windows were rattling, timbers creaking, mortar falling, and pictures swinging violently. Although, as usual on such occasions, I was studying my watch by a night
light, I meditated escape. After forty seconds the motion apparently subsided. There had been two distinct periods of maximum intensity. Taking my lamp, I tried to reach the door, but the
motion was still so great that I had to stop, supporting myself against the wall. When I went down stairs to look at two long pendulums of 20 and 30 feet length respectively, I found them
swinging in arcs of about 2 feet, having broken all the apparatus on the table over which they hung. Hitherto the pointers placed on heavy weights suspended by long wires have been regarded
by me as motionless points during an earthquake, and I have been able to use them accurately oa this assumption even for a shock which Palmieri's instrument indicates as 21°, a shock
which knocked down several chimneys. It would seem that in the last earthquake the house, instead of, so to speak, “eating up” the vibrations, was forced into vibration itself. The period of
this vibration was roughly noted by my neighbour, Mr. Thomas Gray, as nearly one second. At the lower end of one of these pendulums I have small pointers which scratch two smoked glass
plates. These plates are caused to move away during an earthquake, so that relative vibrations are shown in two wavy lines. The direction of the first mark upon the plate tells the direction
of the shock, and also the distance moved by the earth relatively to the steady pointer. The amplitude of the waves tells approximately what the movement has been during succeeding
vibrations. From the number of waves upon a given length of glass we get the rate of vibration, and hence, knowing the velocity of transit, the true wave-length of the earthquake may be
determined. As an example I may mention that an earthquake (December 3, 1879) registered by Palmieri's instrument as 18°, was recorded on 7 inches of one of my glass plates in a curve
of seven very small waves, the amplitude of each of which was about 1 mm. Each wave was formed in half-a-second. The important deductions which may be drawn from even only one observation of
this kind are obvious. The other pendulum I have used only for finding the greatest horizontal movement of an earth particle and its direction. Two pointers push against the motionless
pendulum-bob when an earthquake occurs, and so they are moved in the stand which carries them, deflecting two suspended galvanometer mirrors, and readings of the amount of deviation of beams
of reflected light are taken, I give some examples of the movement of the head of a pile which was driven deeply into the soft soil upon which Yedo is built:— Access through your
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AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Tokei, Yokohama, Japan JOHN MILNE Authors * JOHN MILNE View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS
Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE MILNE, J. _Seismology in Japan_ . _Nature_ 22, 208 (1880). https://doi.org/10.1038/022208a0 Download citation * Issue Date: 01
July 1880 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/022208a0 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is
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