How, When and Why to Check (or Freeze) Your Credit

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Have you had a look at your credit lately?

If not, you're far from alone. A November 2023 survey by the credit reporting bureau Experian found that less than half of Americans make a monthly check of their credit score, that

three-digit number that evaluates your creditworthiness. One in three don't know their score at all, according to a June 2023 poll commissioned by BadCredit.org.

But credit industry experts and consumer advocates say there’s no need to be afraid. To the contrary: These days it’s easy to check your credit score, which mortgage companies, credit card

issuers and other lenders use to decide whether to do business with you, and your credit report, which compiles details on your credit history, open accounts and outstanding debts. It only

requires clicking a few keys on your computer and is a vital step for protecting against credit reporting mistakes or identity thieves who might saddle you with bad debts (and seriously

lower your score).

The federal Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB) and other experts recommend checking it at least once a year.

“We certainly encourage consumers to take regular stock of their credit standing, just as they’re encouraged to get checkups from their doctor,” says Eric J. Ellman, senior vice president

for public policy and legal affairs for the Consumer Data Industry Association, a trade group that represents credit reporting companies.

Here’s a primer on credit reports, plus tips on how to check on your score.

Your credit report and your credit score — sometimes referred to as a FICO score (FICO is the registered trademark of the brand that first standardized credit ratings across the industry) —

are two separate things, and there are multiple versions of each.

Your credit report is “the history of how you use your financial resources, your credit arrangements and agreements,” explains Rod Griffin, senior director of public education and advocacy

for Experian, which, along with Equifax and TransUnion, is one of the nation’s three main credit reporting companies.

It will contain an array of personal information, such as addresses where you’ve lived, your phone numbers and your spouse’s name if you have joint accounts. More importantly, it contains

records of the loans you’ve taken out and whether you repaid them on time.

repay a future loan. Generally anything over 670 is considered good, while 740 and above is very good and 800 to 850 is excellent.Experian, Equifax and TransUnion are the nation’s three

main credit reporting companies, but you can access all your credit reports through one website, AnnualCreditReport.com.The federal Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB) recommends

checking all three of them at least once every 12 months to make sure they’re accurate and complete.If you see a sudden drop in your score that’s larger than a few points, it’s a signal that

something may be seriously wrong.

Your credit score is calculated from that information, which is provided by your creditors. It’s in the form of a three-digit number between 300 and 850 and indicates how likely you are to

repay a future loan. (Generally, anything over 670 is considered good, while 740 and above is very good, and 800 to 850 is excellent.)

Griffin compares a credit report to a paper that you write in school, while the credit score “is the grade that goes on the paper.”